Which of the following practices have helped the Gaddis to maintain a distinct identity in the Himalayan region?

Both Options, 1 and 2.

Bharmaur tribal area comprises Bharmaur and Holi tehsils of the Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. It is a notified tribal area since 21 November 1975. Bharmaur is inhabited by ‘Gaddi’, a tribal community who have maintained a distinct identity in the Himalayan region as they practised transhumance and conversed through the Gaddiali dialect.