People hold assumptions and attitudes about themselves that are irrational and inaccurate. This feature holds true to.
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 4
The correct answer is Option (4) → Cognitive model
Option (1) Humanistic-existential model — Incorrect. This model looks at the broader aspects of human existence. Humanists hold that people are driven to self-actualise, and existentialists that people who shirk the responsibility of giving meaning to their existence live empty, dysfunctional lives. It does not speak of irrational assumptions.
Option (2) Diathesis-stress model — Incorrect. Here a disorder develops when a diathesis (biological predisposition) is set off by a stressful situation. The cause is an inherited vulnerability plus stressors, not faulty assumptions.
Option (3) Behavioral model — Incorrect. The behavioural model holds that both normal and abnormal behaviours are learned through classical conditioning, operant conditioning and social learning, and that what has been learned can be unlearned.
Option (4) Cognitive model — Correct. This model states that abnormal functioning can result from cognitive problems. People may hold assumptions and attitudes about themselves that are irrational and inaccurate, think repeatedly in illogical ways and overgeneralise from a single insignificant event.
Note: A similar question was also asked in CUET (UG) 2023 on 31-05-2023 (Slot 3).
NCERT (2025-26): “Factors Underlying Abnormal Behaviour … Another model that emphasises the role of psychological factors is the behavioural model. This model states that both normal and abnormal behaviours are learned and psychological disorders are the result of learning maladaptive ways of behaving. The model concentrates on behaviours that are learned through conditioning and proposes that what has been learned can be unlearned. Learning can take place by classical conditioning (temporal association in which two events repeatedly occur close together in time), operant conditioning (behaviour is followed by a reward), and social learning (learning by imitating others’ behaviour). These three types of conditioning account for behaviour, whether adaptive or maladaptive.…” “…Psychological factors are also emphasised by the cognitive model. This model states that abnormal functioning can result from cognitive problems. People may hold assumptions and attitudes about themselves that are irrational and inaccurate. People may also repeatedly think in illogical ways and make overgeneralisations, that is, they may draw broad, negative conclusions on the basis of a single insignificant event.…” “…Another psychological model is the humanistic-existential model which focuses on broader aspects of human existence. Humanists believe that human beings are born with a natural tendency to be friendly, cooperative and constructive, and are driven to self-actualise, i.e. to fulfil this potential for goodness and growth. Existentialists believe that from birth we have total freedom to give meaning to our existence or to avoid that responsibility. Those who shirk from this responsibility would live empty, inauthentic, and dysfunctional lives.…” “…This model states that psychological disorders develop when a diathesis (biological predisposition to the disorder) is set off by a stressful situation.…” |