Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:
National Income Accounting
Can the GDP of a country be taken as an index of the welfare of the people of that country? If a person has more income he or she can buy more goods and services and his or her material well-being improves. So it may seem reasonable to treat his or her income level as his or her level of well-being. GDP is the sum total of market value of final goods and services created within the geographical boundary of a country in a particular year. If the GDP of the country is rising, the welfare may not rise as a consequence. This is because the rise in GDP may be concentrated in the hands of very few individuals or firms. For the rest, the income may in fact have fallen. In such a case the welfare of the entire country cannot be said to have increased. Many activities in an economy are not evaluated in monetary terms. For example, the domestic services women perform at home are not paid for. The exchanges which take place in the informal sector without the help of money are called barter exchanges. In barter exchanges, goods (or services) are directly exchanged against each other.
Externalities refer to the benefits (or harms) a firm or an individual causes to another for which they are not paid (or penalised). Externalities do not have any market in which they can be bought and sold. Therefore, if we take GDP as a measure of welfare of the economy we shall be overestimating the actual welfare. This was an example of negative externality. There can be cases of positive externalities as well. In such cases, GDP will underestimate the actual welfare of the economy.
What do we refer to the benefits (or harms) a firm or an individual cause to another for which they are not paid (or penalised)?
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 1
The correct answer is Option (1) → Externality
A factory that pollutes a river harms the people downstream but pays them nothing; a person who plants trees along a road gives shade to passers-by but is paid nothing for it. Such benefits (or harms) that a firm or an individual causes to another, for which they are not paid (or penalised), are called externalities.
The polluting factory is a negative externality and the shade-giving trees a positive externality. Neither has a market in which it can be bought and sold, which is why GDP does not take them into account.
Why the other options are incorrect
Option (2) Exempbility — Incorrect. There is no such term.
Option (3) Extractability — Incorrect. Extractability only means how easily something can be taken out, for example a mineral from the ground. It says nothing about unpaid benefits or harms to others.
Option (4) Exterbility — Incorrect. There is no such term.
Note: A same/similar question was asked in CUET (UG) in the papers below.
| 2026 | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 |
| 21-05 S1 06-06 S1* | 13-05 S2* | – | 11-06 S3* 21-06 S2* | – |
* A similar question.