What are microorganisms such as Lactobacillus commonly referred to as?

Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB)

 Microorganisms like Lactobacillus are commonly known as: (b) Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB).

Explanation: Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) is the term used to describe a group of microorganisms that produce lactic acid as a byproduct of their metabolism. Lactobacillus is a type of LAB that is widely used in various applications, including the production of fermented foods like curd (yogurt) from milk. These bacteria play a crucial role in the fermentation process by converting lactose (milk sugar) into lactic acid, which imparts the characteristic tangy flavor and texture to fermented dairy products.

Furthermore, LAB, including Lactobacillus species, are also significant in the production of antibiotics. They are used in the production of various antibiotics through fermentation processes. These antibiotics can be derived from the metabolic products or by genetic engineering of LAB strains to produce specific antimicrobial compounds. Their ability to produce antimicrobial substances makes them valuable in the pharmaceutical industry for the development of antibiotics.

In summary, microorganisms such as Lactobacillus are commonly referred to as Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) due to their ability to produce lactic acid and their involvement in the fermentation of dairy products and production of antibiotics.