The correct answer is Option 4: Rainfall
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Water Logging – ❌ Causes land degradation by reducing soil aeration and harming plant roots.
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Salinisation – ❌ Causes land degradation by increasing salt content in soil, reducing fertility.
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Alkalinisation – ❌ Leads to soil becoming too alkaline, which negatively affects crop growth and soil structure.
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Rainfall – ✅ Does not inherently cause land degradation. In fact, normal rainfall is essential for agriculture and maintaining soil moisture. Only excessive or poorly managed rainfall, leading to erosion or flooding, may indirectly contribute to degradation — but rainfall itself is not a degrading factor.
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