Read the following passage and answer question.

Directing refers to the process of instructing, guiding. counselling, motivating and leading people in the organisation to achieve its objectives. Directing is a managerial process which takes place throughout the life of the organisation irrespective of people occupying managerial positions. In the organisation every individual effort contributes to the organisational performance. Thus it ensures that the individual work for organisational goals.

One of the principle of Directing emphasises that directing techniques must help every individual in the organisation to contribute to his maximum potential for achievement of organisational objectives. In the organisation different techniques are used to motivate people such as pay, bonus, promotion, recognitions, praise, responsibility etc. and also different financial incentives are used. Under one of such incentive schemes employees are offered company shares at a predetermined price which is lower than market price.

"Directing takes place throughout the life of the organisation irrespective of people occupying manegerial positions." Identify the feature of directing being reflected here.

Directing is a continuous process

The correct answer is option (4) : Directing is a continuous process

The statement suggests that directing is an ongoing activity that occurs throughout the life of the organization, regardless of who occupies managerial positions. This emphasizes the continuous nature of the directing function in management.

(1) Directing takes place at every level of management: Every manager, from top executive to supervisor performs the function of directing. The directing takes place wherever superior — subordinate relations exist.

(2) Directing initiates action: Directing is a key managerial function. A manager has to perform this function along with planning, organising, staffing and controlling while discharging his duties in the organisation. While other functions prepare a setting for action, directing initiates action in the organisation.

(3) Directing flows from top to bottom : Directing is first initiated at top level and flows to the bottom through organisational hierarchy. It means that every manager can direct his immediate subordinate and take instructions from his immediate boss.