A landlord who once looked after his workers' needs for lifelong service now pays them daily cash wages and owes nothing more. Which statements about this change are correct?
(A) Jan Breman described such a change as a shift from 'patronage to exploitation'.
(B) In such relations the landlords usually belonged to the dominant castes.
(C) Such changes took place mainly where crops were grown for household use.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 2
The correct answer is Option (2) → A and B only
(A) Jan Breman described such a change as a shift from 'patronage to exploitation'. — Correct. A landlord who once cared for his workers now only pays daily wages. Jan Breman described this change as a shift from 'patronage to exploitation'.
(B) In such relations the landlords usually belonged to the dominant castes. — Correct. The landlords in these relations usually came from the dominant castes. The agricultural workers were usually of low caste.
(C) Such changes took place mainly where crops were grown for household use. — Incorrect. The feature is reversed. These changes took place where agriculture was becoming commercialised, that is, where crops were grown mainly for sale in the market.
NCERT (2026-27): “4.4 Transformations in Rural Society after Independence “an increase in the use of agricultural labour as cultivation became more intensive; a shift from payment in kind (grain) to payment in cash; a loosening of traditional bonds or hereditary relationships between farmers or landowners and agricultural workers (known as bonded labour) and the rise of a class of ‘free’ wage labourers. The change in the nature of the relationship between landlords (who usually belonged to the dominant castes) and agricultural workers (usually low caste), was described by the sociologist Jan Breman as a shift from ‘patronage to exploitation’ (Breman, 1974). Such changes took place in many areas where agriculture was becoming more commercialised, that is, where crops were being grown primarily for sale in the market. …” |