Which of the following is not a valid aspect of formal organization?

Formal organization specifies the relationships among various job positions and the nature of their interrelations. This clarifies who has to report to whom.

Formal organization is a means to achieve the objectives specified in the plans, as it lays down rules and procedures essential for their achievement.

Independent channels of communication without a specified direction of flow of information are developed by group members in formal organisation.

Efforts of various departments are coordinated, interlinked and integrated through formal organisation.