Which of the following is a correct statement about demography?

Demographic change is based on economic, social and cultural variables.

The correct answer is Option (4) → Demographic change is based on economic, social and cultural variables.

Demography is the scientific study of human populations, focusing on size, structure, distribution, and changes over time. While biological factors like birth and death rates influence population changes, they are also shaped by economic conditions (employment, income levels), social factors (education, health services, urbanisation), and cultural practices (marriage age, family size preferences).

Demographic change is purely biological. This is incorrect. While biological factors like birth and death are central to demography, these are heavily influenced by a wide range of non-biological factors, such as healthcare, education, social norms, and economic conditions.

Demographic data is a static data for a population. This is incorrect. Demography is the statistical study of how populations change over time. Data on births, deaths, and migration are collected and analyzed to understand population dynamics, which are constantly in flux.

Population explosion not in every country is true in isolation, but it’s not a defining statement about demography itself.