The Antarctic Treaty- 1959
The Montreal Protocol- 1987
The Antarctic Environmental Protocol- 1991
The Earth Summit- 1992
Cooperation over the global commons is not easy. There have been many path-breaking agreements such as the 1959 Antarctic Treaty, the 1987 Montreal Protocol, and the 1991 Antarctic Environmental Protocol. Also, the growing focus on environmental issues within the arena of global politics was firmly consolidated at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992. This was also called the Earth Summit.
(A) The Antarctic Treaty - (III) 1959:
The Antarctic Treaty was signed in 1959. It established Antarctica as a region of peace and cooperation, setting it aside for scientific research and banning military activities. The treaty entered into force in 1961.
(B) The Montreal Protocol - (I) 1987:
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was signed in 1987. However, the protocol had significant amendments and adjustments made in subsequent years. The amendments that led to practical action to phase out the use of ozone-depleting substances occurred in the years following 1987, with many countries signing on to these amendments in 1991.
(C) The Antarctic Environmental Protocol - (IV) 1991:
The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, also known as the Antarctic Environmental Protocol, was indeed signed in 1991. This protocol was established to address environmental concerns related to Antarctica and to protect its unique ecosystem.
(D) The Earth Summit - (II) 1992:
The Earth Summit, officially known as the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. This summit led to the adoption of important environmental agreements, such as the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and the Framework Convention on Climate Change. |
