Read the passage given below and answer the following question.
Historically, states have tried to establish and enhance their political legitimacy through nation-building strategies. They sought to secure … the loyalty and obedience of their citizens through policies of assimilation or integration. Attaining these objectives was not easy, especially in a context of cultural diversity where citizens, in addition to their identifications with their country, might also feel a strong sense of identity with their community – ethnic, religious, linguistic and so on. Most states feared that the recognition of such difference would lead to social fragmentation and prevent the creation of a harmonious society. In short, such identity politics was considered a threat to state unity. In addition, accommodating these differences is politically challenging, so many states have resorted to either suppressing these diverse identities or ignoring them on the political domain. Policies of assimilation – often involving outright suppression of the identities of ethnic, religious or linguistic groups – try to erode the cultural differences between groups. Policies of integration seek to assert a single national identity by attempting to eliminate ethno-national and cultural differences from the public and political arena, while allowing them in the private domain. Both sets of policies assume a singular national identity.

Which of the following correctly distinguishes a nation-state from a state-nation?

A nation-state seeks to build a singular national identity, whereas a state-nation accommodates multiple ethnic, religious, linguistic and indigenous identities within a single political system.

The correct answer is Option 2: A nation-state seeks to build a singular national identity, whereas a state-nation accommodates multiple ethnic, religious, linguistic and indigenous identities within a single political system.

Option 1: In a nation-state, multiple cultural identities are equally recognised in the public sphere, whereas a state-nation promotes only one national identity. — Incorrect. This reverses the characteristics of the two concepts. A state-nation accommodates multiple identities, while a nation-state seeks a singular national identity.

Option 2: A nation-state seeks to build a singular national identity, whereas a state-nation accommodates multiple ethnic, religious, linguistic and indigenous identities within a single political system. — Correct. This accurately captures the distinction between the two models.

Option 3: Both the nation-state and the state-nation reject cultural diversity as a threat to national unity. — Incorrect. While the nation-state often relies on a singular identity, the state-nation treats cultural diversity as something that can be constructively accommodated.

Option 4: There is no conceptual difference between a nation-state and a state-nation. — Incorrect. The two concepts represent distinct approaches to managing cultural diversity and national unity.