In biology, the term 'IVF' stands for _______.

In vitro fertilization

The correct answer is Option (2) In vitro fertilization.

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a reproductive technology used to facilitate conception for individuals or couples experiencing infertility. Here's an explanation of the IVF process:

1. Ovulation Stimulation: Before the IVF procedure begins, the woman typically undergoes ovulation induction. This involves the administration of fertility medications to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs. Monitoring of hormone levels and follicle development through ultrasound examinations is conducted during this phase.

2. Egg Retrieval: Once the follicles containing mature eggs reach an optimal size, a minor surgical procedure called egg retrieval or oocyte retrieval is performed. A thin needle is inserted through the vaginal wall into the ovaries under ultrasound guidance to aspirate the fluid and eggs from the follicles.

3. Sperm Collection: On the same day as the egg retrieval, sperm is collected from the male partner or a sperm donor. The sperm sample is prepared in the laboratory to isolate motile and healthy sperm.

4. Fertilization: In the laboratory, the retrieved eggs are combined with the sperm in a culture dish for fertilization. This can be done through conventional IVF, where the sperm is placed directly with the eggs, or through intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), where a single sperm is injected into each egg.

5. Embryo Culture: After fertilization, the embryos are cultured in a controlled environment in the laboratory for several days. The embryos are monitored for growth and development during this time.

6. Embryo Transfer: Typically, after 3 to 5 days of embryo culture, one or more embryos are selected for transfer into the woman's uterus. The embryo transfer procedure is relatively simple and involves placing the selected embryos into the uterine cavity using a thin catheter.

7. Luteal Phase Support: Following embryo transfer, the woman may receive hormonal support, such as progesterone supplementation, to support the uterine lining and embryo implantation.

8. Pregnancy Test: About two weeks after embryo transfer, a pregnancy test is performed to determine if the IVF cycle was successful.

IVF can be an effective treatment option for various causes of infertility, including tubal factor infertility, male factor infertility, ovulatory disorders, and unexplained infertility. It has provided hope for millions of couples worldwide who are struggling to conceive naturally.