When the state institutions become unable or unwilling to respond to the needs of the people because of corruption, inefficiency, or lack of resources, what kind of society can then come to people's rescue?

Civil Society

The correct answer is Option (2) → Civil Society

A civil society refers to non-state, voluntary organisations and institutions that operate in the public sphere and work for the interests of citizens. These can include NGOs, self-help groups, community associations, professional bodies, and social movements.

When state institutions fail due to corruption, inefficiency, or lack of resources, civil society often steps in to bridge the gap between the state and the people. It plays a crucial role in holding the state accountable, providing services, raising awareness, and advocating for the rights and needs of various groups in society.

Why not the other options:

• Authoritarian Society – This centralises power and restricts public participation, offering no rescue during state failure.

• Patriarchal Society – This refers to male dominance in social structures, not a mechanism for public welfare.

• Secular Society – This focuses on separation of religion and state, not on responding to administrative failure.