How does planning contribute to avoiding confusion and misunderstanding?

By ensuring clarity in thought and action

The correct answer is option 3 i.e. By ensuring clarity in thought and action.

Planning serves as the basis of coordinating the activities and efforts of different divisions, departments and individuals. It helps in avoiding confusion and misunderstanding. Since planning ensures clarity in thought and action, work is carried on smoothly without interruptions. Useless and redundant activities are minimised or eliminated. It is easier to detect inefficiencies and take corrective measures to deal with them.