Industrialisation and urbanisation are examples of which change?

Structural change

The correct answer is Option 2: Structural change.

Option 1: Political change — Incorrect. Political changes relate to changes in systems of governance, power structures or political institutions. Industrialisation and urbanisation do not primarily involve political transformation.

Option 2: Structural change — Correct. Industrialisation and urbanisation are examples of structural changes because they transform the basic organisation of society, including patterns of production, occupation, settlement and social relationships.

Option 3: Cultural change — Incorrect. Cultural changes involve changes in values, beliefs, customs and lifestyles. Although industrialisation and urbanisation may influence culture, they are primarily structural transformations.

Option 4: Economic change — Incorrect. Industrialisation has an economic dimension, but the term "structural change" is broader as it includes economic, social and occupational transformations brought about by industrialisation and urbanisation.