Read the passage given below and answer the following question.
Historically, states have tried to establish and enhance their political legitimacy through nation-building strategies. They sought to secure … the loyalty and obedience of their citizens through policies of assimilation or integration. Attaining these objectives was not easy, especially in a context of cultural diversity where citizens, in addition to their identifications with their country, might also feel a strong sense of identity with their community – ethnic, religious, linguistic and so on. Most states feared that the recognition of such difference would lead to social fragmentation and prevent the creation of a harmonious society. In short, such identity politics was considered a threat to state unity. In addition, accommodating these differences is politically challenging, so many states have resorted to either suppressing these diverse identities or ignoring them on the political domain. Policies of assimilation – often involving outright suppression of the identities of ethnic, religious or linguistic groups – try to erode the cultural differences between groups. Policies of integration seek to assert a single national identity by attempting to eliminate ethno-national and cultural differences from the public and political arena, while allowing them in the private domain. Both sets of policies assume a singular national identity.

Match List I with List II

A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV

The correct answer is Option 1: A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV.

A. Assimilation → I. Uniform cultural values imposed on all citizens — Correct. Assimilation seeks to reduce or eliminate cultural differences by encouraging or compelling communities to adopt the cultural values and norms of the dominant group. Its objective is cultural homogenisation through a common set of values.

B. Integration → II. Cultural differences restricted to the private sphere — Correct. Integration does not completely eliminate cultural differences, but it limits their expression to the private domain while insisting that the public sphere follow a common national culture.

C. Recognition of community identities → III. Considered a threat to state unity — Correct. The passage explains that many states believed recognition of ethnic, religious and linguistic identities could lead to social fragmentation. Therefore, identity politics was viewed as a threat to state unity.

D. Assimilation and integration → IV. Assume a singular national identity — Correct. Although the two strategies differ in their methods, both are based on the assumption that a single national identity should prevail over diverse community identities.