Match List-I with List-II

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)

The correct answer is Option (3) → (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)

A. Homology is based on divergent evolution .Homology indicates common ancestry. They perform different functions but  have similar anatomical structure –examples are vertebrate hearts or brains. In plants also, the thorn and tendrils of Bougainvillea and Cucurbita represent homology. Whales, bats, Cheetah and human (all mammals) share similarities in the pattern of bones of forelimbs. Though these forelimbs perform different functions in these animals, they have similar anatomical structure – all of them have humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges in their forelimbs. Hence, in these animals, the same structure developed along different directions due to adaptations to different needs.

B. Analogy is based on convergent evolution.  Wings of butterfly and of birds look alike. They are not anatomically similar structures though they perform similar functions. Hence, analogous structures are a result of convergent evolution - different structures evolving for the same function and hence having similarity. Other examples of analogy are the eye of the octopus and of mammals or the flippers of Penguins and Dolphins. 

C. Anthropogenic actions refer to activities caused by humans. Prior to industrialization, white-colored moths predominated due to their ability to blend with the lichen-covered white bark of trees. The dark-colored moths were more vulnerable to predators as they were easily spotted against the lighter background. With industrialization came the deposition of soot on tree bark, leading to the death of lichen and a darkening of the environment. This favored the survival of dark-colored moths, which could now camouflage effectively, while white moths became more conspicuous.

D. The process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally radiating to other areas of geography (habitats) is called adaptive radiation. Darwin’s finches represent one of the best examples of this phenomenon. Another example is Australian marsupials.