Which of the following is NOT a tool for controlling the population?

None of the above.

The correct answer is Option 4: None of the above.

Option 1: Propaganda — Tool for controlling population. Awareness campaigns and public education help people understand the importance of family planning and population control.

Option 2: Free Availability of Contraceptives — Tool for controlling population. Providing easy and free access to contraceptives helps in reducing unwanted pregnancies and controlling population growth.

Option 3: Tax disincentives for large families — Tool for controlling population. Governments may use economic measures such as tax disincentives to discourage very large families.

Since all the given options are methods that can be used for population control, none of them is incorrect.

NCERT: "Family planning is the spacing or preventing the birth of children. Access to family planning services is a significant factor in limiting population growth and improving women’s health. Propaganda, free availability of contraceptives and tax disincentives for large families are some of the measures which can help population control."