______ includes all non-living components, such as air, cloud, dust, land, mountains, rivers, temperature, humidity, water, water vapour, sand, etc.

Abiotic environment

The correct answer is Option (2) - Abiotic environment

The abiotic environment refers to all the non-living components of an ecosystem, such as air, water, soil, temperature, and sunlight. These factors play essential roles in shaping the physical characteristics of the environment and influencing the organisms that inhabit it. The abiotic environment provides the foundation for life in an ecosystem and influences its overall health and functioning.