Which of the following characteristics of caste has largely remained unaffected by modernisation and change?

Endogamy

The correct answer is Option 3: Endogamy

Endogamy, or the practice of marrying within the caste, remained largely unaffected by modernisation and change. Even today, most marriages take place within caste boundaries, although there are more intercaste marriages. While some boundaries may have become more flexible or porous, the borders between groups of castes of similar socio-economic status are still heavily patrolled.