Read the passage given below and answer the question.
Thinkers like Karl Marx, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim associated a number of social features with industry, such as urbanisation, loss of face-to-face relationships that are found in rural areas. This was substituted by anonymous professional relationships in modern factory and workplace. Industrialisation involves a detailed division of labour people often do not see the end result of their work because they are producing only small part of product the work is often repetitive and exhausting, however it is better than being unemployed. Marx calls this situation alienation where people do not enjoy work and see it as something they have to do in order to survive.
Karl Marx, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim talked about:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 4
The correct answer is Option (4) → social features of industry
Option (4) social features of industry — Correct. Marx, Weber and Durkheim associated a number of social features with industry: urbanisation, the loss of the face-to-face relationships of rural areas, and their substitution by anonymous professional relationships in modern factories and workplaces.
NCERT (2025-26): “5.1 Images of Industrial Society … Many of the great works of sociology were written at a time when industrialisation was new and machinery was assuming great importance. Thinkers like Karl Marx, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim associated a number of social features with industry, such as urbanisation, the loss of face-to-face relationships that were found in rural areas where people worked on their own farms or for a landlord they knew, and their substitution by anonymous professional relationships in modern factories and workplaces. Industrialisation involves a detailed division of labour. People often do not see the end result of their work because they are producing only one small part of a product. The work is often repetitive and exhausting. Yet, even this is better than having no work at all, i.e., being unemployed. Marx called this situation alienation, when people do not enjoy work, and see it as something they have to do only in order to survive, and even that survival depends on whether the technology has room for any human labour.” |