Point out the correct pairs given below:
A. Vachana - Basavanna
B. Lingayats - Wearers of Linga
C. Basavanna - A Minister in the Court of Vijayanagara
D. Virashaivas - Heroes of Shiva
E. Vachanas - Composed in Tamil
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 2
The correct answer is Option (2) → D, B, A only
A. Vachana - Basavanna Correct. The vachanas (literally, sayings) are the compositions of the Virashaiva movement that Basavanna led, and Basavanna himself composed vachanas, such as the one that mocks people who pour milk on a serpent carved in stone but cry “Kill” at a real one.
B. Lingayats - Wearers of Linga Correct. Basavanna’s followers were known as Lingayats (wearers of the linga); men usually wear a small linga in a silver case over the left shoulder.
C. Basavanna - A Minister in the Court of Vijayanagara Incorrect. Basavanna (1106-68) was a minister in the court of a Kalachuri ruler in Karnataka.
D. Virashaivas - Heroes of Shiva Correct. His followers were also known as Virashaivas (heroes of Shiva).
E. Vachanas - Composed in Tamil Incorrect. The vachanas were composed in Kannada by the women and men who joined the movement.
NCERT (2026-27): “3. The Virashaiva Tradition in Karnataka … The twelfth century witnessed the emergence of a new movement in Karnataka, led by a Brahmana named Basavanna (1106-68) who was a minister in the court of a Kalachuri ruler. His followers were known as Virashaivas (heroes of Shiva) or Lingayats (wearers of the linga). Lingayats continue to be an important community in the region to date. They worship Shiva in his manifestation as a linga, and men usually wear a small linga in a silver case on a loop strung over the left shoulder. Those who are revered include the jangama or wandering monks. Lingayats believe that on death the devotee will be united with Shiva and will not return to this world. Therefore they do not practise funerary rites such as cremation, prescribed in the Dharmashastras. Instead, they ceremonially bury their dead. The Lingayats challenged the idea of caste and the ‘pollution’ attributed to certain groups by Brahmanas. They also questioned the theory of rebirth. These won them followers amongst those who were marginalised within the Brahmanical social order. The Lingayats also encouraged certain practices disapproved in the Dharmashastras, such as post-puberty marriage and the remarriage of widows. Our understanding of the Virashaiva tradition is derived from vachanas (literally, sayings) composed in Kannada by women and men who joined the movement.”
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