Match List-I (an explanation of Sunil's fear of cockroaches) with Lis…

Match List-I (an explanation of Sunil's fear of cockroaches) with List-II (the view it reflects):

List-I	List-II
(A) As a small child, Sunil often watched his mother scream and run whenever she saw a cockroach, and he picked up the same fear.	(I) Psychoanalytic view
(B) The fear stands for a hidden, unconscious conflict from Sunil's early childhood.	(II) Social learning view
(C) Sunil keeps telling himself that a cockroach will surely crawl on him and harm him, and this faulty thought keeps the fear alive.	(III) Classical conditioning view
(D) A cockroach once fell on Sunil just as a loud crash startled him, and since then the fright has been linked to cockroaches.	(IV) Cognitive view

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Answer & explanation

Correct answer: option 1

The correct answer is Option (1) → A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III

List-I	List-II	Reason
(A) As a small child, Sunil often watched his mother scream and run whenever she saw a cockroach, and he picked up the same fear.	(II) Social learning view	Sunil learnt the fear by watching his mother react. Learning by observing a model is the social learning account of a phobia.
(B) The fear stands for a hidden, unconscious conflict from Sunil's early childhood.	(I) Psychoanalytic view	Tracing the fear to a hidden, unconscious conflict of early childhood is how a psychoanalyst explains a phobia.
(C) Sunil keeps telling himself that a cockroach will surely crawl on him and harm him, and this faulty thought keeps the fear alive.	(IV) Cognitive view	Here a faulty thought keeps the fear going. Blaming irrational beliefs and distorted thinking is the cognitive view.
(D) A cockroach once fell on Sunil just as a loud crash startled him, and since then the fright has been linked to cockroaches.	(III) Classical conditioning view	A neutral object (cockroach) was paired once with a fright (loud crash), so it came to bring fear. This pairing is classical conditioning, different from learning by watching in row A.

NCERT (2026-27): “Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive therapies locate the cause of psychological distress in irrational thoughts and beliefs. Albert Ellis formulated the Rational Emotive Therapy (RET). The central thesis of this therapy is that irrational beliefs mediate between the antecedent events and their consequences. The first step in RET is the antecedent-belief-consequence (ABC) analysis. Antecedent events, which caused the psychological distress, are noted. The client is also interviewed to find the irrational beliefs, which are distorting the present reality. …”

“… In the psychodynamic therapy, unfulfilled desires of childhood and unresolved childhood fears lead to intrapsychic conflicts. The behaviour therapy postulates that faulty conditioning patterns, faulty learning, and faulty thinking and beliefs lead to maladaptive behaviours that, in turn, lead to psychological problems. …”

“… Modelling is the procedure wherein the client learns to behave in a certain way by observing the behaviour of a role model or the therapist who initially acts as the role model. Vicarious learning, i.e. learning by observing others, is used and through a process of rewarding small changes in the behaviour, the client gradually learns to acquire the behaviour of the model. …”

Match List-I (an explanation of Sunil's fear of cockroaches) with List-II (the view it reflects):

List-I	List-II
(A) As a small child, Sunil often watched his mother scream and run whenever she saw a cockroach, and he picked up the same fear.	(I) Psychoanalytic view
(B) The fear stands for a hidden, unconscious conflict from Sunil's early childhood.	(II) Social learning view
(C) Sunil keeps telling himself that a cockroach will surely crawl on him and harm him, and this faulty thought keeps the fear alive.	(III) Classical conditioning view
(D) A cockroach once fell on Sunil just as a loud crash startled him, and since then the fright has been linked to cockroaches.	(IV) Cognitive view

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Answer & explanation

Correct answer: option 1

The correct answer is Option (1) → A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III

List-I	List-II	Reason
(A) As a small child, Sunil often watched his mother scream and run whenever she saw a cockroach, and he picked up the same fear.	(II) Social learning view	Sunil learnt the fear by watching his mother react. Learning by observing a model is the social learning account of a phobia.
(B) The fear stands for a hidden, unconscious conflict from Sunil's early childhood.	(I) Psychoanalytic view	Tracing the fear to a hidden, unconscious conflict of early childhood is how a psychoanalyst explains a phobia.
(C) Sunil keeps telling himself that a cockroach will surely crawl on him and harm him, and this faulty thought keeps the fear alive.	(IV) Cognitive view	Here a faulty thought keeps the fear going. Blaming irrational beliefs and distorted thinking is the cognitive view.
(D) A cockroach once fell on Sunil just as a loud crash startled him, and since then the fright has been linked to cockroaches.	(III) Classical conditioning view	A neutral object (cockroach) was paired once with a fright (loud crash), so it came to bring fear. This pairing is classical conditioning, different from learning by watching in row A.