Match List I with List II
| LIST I | LIST II | ||
| Description | Psychological Models | ||
| A. | Abnormal behaviour is a symbolic expression of unconscious mental conflict generally traced back in the early childhood. | I. | Behavioural model |
| B. | Psychological disorders are the result of learning maladaptive ways of behaving learned through conditioning, reward, punishment or modelling. | II. | Humanistic-Existential model |
| C. | Psychological disorders are the result of irrational thinking or negative thinking. | III. | Psychodynamic model |
| D. | Psychological Disorders due to feelings of loneliness, alienation, inabilities to find meaning and genuine fulfilment in life. | IV. | Cognitive model |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 2
The correct answer is Option (2) → A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
(A) Abnormal behaviour is a symbolic expression of unconscious mental conflict generally traced back in the early childhood. — this matches (III) Psychodynamic model. First formulated by Freud, it holds that behaviour is shaped by forces within the person of which she or he is not aware, and abnormal symptoms result from conflicts between these forces.
(B) Psychological disorders are the result of learning maladaptive ways of behaving learned through conditioning, reward, punishment or modelling. — this matches (I) Behavioural model. Both normal and abnormal behaviours are learned, through classical conditioning, operant conditioning and social learning, and what has been learned can be unlearned.
(C) Psychological disorders are the result of irrational thinking or negative thinking. — this matches (IV) Cognitive model. Abnormal functioning can result from cognitive problems: irrational and inaccurate assumptions about oneself, illogical thinking and overgeneralisation from a single insignificant event.
(D) Psychological Disorders due to feelings of loneliness, alienation, inabilities to find meaning and genuine fulfilment in life. — this matches (II) Humanistic-Existential model. Humanists believe that people are driven to self-actualise, and existentialists that we are free to give meaning to our existence; those who shirk this responsibility live empty, inauthentic and dysfunctional lives.
NCERT (2025-26): “Factors Underlying Abnormal Behaviour … This model was first formulated by Freud who believed that three central forces shape personality — instinctual needs, drives and impulses (id), rational thinking (ego), and moral standards (superego). Freud stated that abnormal behaviour is a symbolic expression of unconscious mental conflicts that can be generally traced to early childhood or infancy. Another model that emphasises the role of psychological factors is the behavioural model. This model states that both normal and abnormal behaviours are learned and psychological disorders are the result of learning maladaptive ways of behaving.…” “…Psychological factors are also emphasised by the cognitive model. This model states that abnormal functioning can result from cognitive problems. People may hold assumptions and attitudes about themselves that are irrational and inaccurate.…” “…Another psychological model is the humanistic-existential model which focuses on broader aspects of human existence. Humanists believe that human beings are born with a natural tendency to be friendly, cooperative and constructive, and are driven to self-actualise, i.e. to fulfil this potential for goodness and growth. Existentialists believe that from birth we have total freedom to give meaning to our existence or to avoid that responsibility. Those who shirk from this responsibility would live empty, inauthentic, and dysfunctional lives.…” “Type of Therapies … The existential therapy places importance on the present. It is the current feelings of loneliness, alienation, sense of futility of one’s existence, etc., which cause psychological problems.…” |