Match List I with List II

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II

The correct answer is Option (2) → A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II

A. Homology - (IV) Divergent evolution

Homology is based on divergent evolution .Homology indicates common ancestry. They perform different functions but  have similar anatomical structure –examples are vertebrate hearts or brains. In plants also, the thorn and tendrils of Bougainvillea and Cucurbita represent homology.

B. Analogy - (III) Convergent evolution

Analogy is based on convergent evolution.Wings of butterfly and of birds look alike. They are not anatomically similar structures though they perform similar functions. Hence, analogous structures are a result of convergent evolution - different structures evolving for the same function and hence having similarity. Other examples of analogy are the eye of the octopus and of mammals or the flippers of Penguins and Dolphins.

C. Adaptive radiation- I. Darwin's finches.

During his journey, Darwin visited the Galapagos Islands, where he observed an incredible diversity of creatures. He was particularly fascinated by small black birds, which were later named Darwin's Finches. He realized that there were many varieties of finches in the same island. All the varieties, he conjectured, evolved on the island itself. From the original seed-eating features, many other forms with altered beaks arose, enabling them to become insectivorous and vegetarian finches . This process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally radiating to other areas of geography (habitats) is called adaptive radiation. Darwin’s finches represent one of the best examples of this phenomenon. Another example is Australian marsupials.

D. Saltation- II. Single-step large mutation

In the first decade of twentieth century, Hugo deVries based on his work on evening primrose brought forth the idea of mutations – large difference arising suddenly in a population. He believed that it is mutation which causes evolution and not the minor variations (heritable) that Darwin talked about. Mutations are random and directionless while Darwinian variations are small and directional. Evolution for Darwin was gradual while deVries believed mutation caused speciation and hence called it saltation (single step large mutation).