Take the statements below to be true, even if they differ from known facts. Which of the conclusions follow logically from them?
Statements:
1. All jugs are vessels.
2. All mugs are vessels.
Conclusions:
I. Some jugs are mugs.
II. Some vessels are mugs.
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 3
The correct answer is Option (3) → Only conclusion II follows
A conclusion follows only if it is true in every diagram that fits the statements; each class named in a statement is taken to have members.
“All jugs are vessels”: the circle of jugs lies inside the circle of vessels
“All mugs are vessels”: the circle of mugs also lies inside the circle of vessels; nothing is said about jugs and mugs
Conclusion I: Some jugs are mugs. — Does not follow. Jugs and mugs both lie inside the vessels, but they may be different parts of the vessels, as in the diagram.
Conclusion II: Some vessels are mugs. — Follows. Every mug is a vessel, so the mugs themselves are vessels that are mugs.