Match Column I with Column II:
| Column I | Column II |
| A. Ex situ conservation | I. tannins, lubricants. |
| B. In situ conservation | II. pollination. |
| C. Narrowly utilitarian | III. cryopreservation. |
| D. Broadly utilitarian | IV. wildlife sanctuaries. |
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 1
The correct answer is Option (1) → A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II.
(A) Ex situ conservation — this matches (III) cryopreservation. Ex situ means off site. Gametes of threatened species can be kept frozen in a viable and fertile state for long periods.
(B) In situ conservation — this matches (IV) wildlife sanctuaries. In situ means on site: species are protected in their natural habitat, as in biosphere reserves, national parks and sanctuaries.
(C) Narrowly utilitarian — this matches (I) tannins, lubricants. This argument counts the direct economic products humans take from nature, such as industrial products.
(D) Broadly utilitarian — this matches (II) pollination. This argument counts the ecosystem services nature gives, and pollination by bees, birds and bats is one of them.
NCERT Extract:
Why Should We Conserve Biodiversity? – “… The narrowly utilitarian arguments for conserving biodiversity are obvious; humans derive countless direct economic benefits from nature–food (cereals, pulses, fruits), firewood, fibre, construction material, industrial products (tannins, lubricants, dyes, resins, perfumes ) and products of medicinal importance. … The broadly utilitarian argument says that biodiversity plays a major role in many ecosystem services that nature provides. … Pollination (without which plants cannot give us fruits or seeds) is another service, ecosystems provide through pollinators layer – bees, bumblebees, birds and bats.”
Summary – “… Biodiversity conservation may be in situ as well as ex situ. In in situ conservation, the endangered species are protected in their natural habitat so that the entire ecosystem is protected. … Our country’s in situ conservation efforts are reflected in its 14 biosphere reserves, 90 national parks, > 450 wildlife sanctuaries and many sacred groves. Ex situ conservation methods include protective maintenance of threatened species in zoological parks and botanical gardens, in vitro fertilisation, tissue culture propagation and cryopreservation of gametes.”