Read the passage given below and answer the question.
Thinkers like Karl Marx, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim associated a number of social features with industry, such as urbanisation, loss of face-to-face relationships that are found in rural areas. This was substituted by anonymous professional relationships in modern factory and workplace. Industrialisation involves a detailed division of labour people often do not see the end result of their work because they are producing only small part of product the work is often repetitive and exhausting, however it is better than being unemployed. Marx calls this situation alienation where people do not enjoy work and see it as something they have to do in order to survive.
Match List-I with List-II.
| LIST-I (Concepts / Sociologists) | LIST-II (Characteristics / Description) | ||
| (A) | Rural areas | (I) | Alienation |
| (B) | Emile Durkheim | (II) | Division of process into several parts |
| (C) | Karl Marx | (III) | Face-to-face relationship |
| (D) | Division of Labour | (IV) | Sociologist |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 4
The correct answer is Option (4) → (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)
(A) Rural areas — this matches (III) Face-to-face relationship. In rural areas people worked on their own farms or for a landlord they knew, so they dealt with each other face to face. Industry replaced these ties with anonymous professional relationships.
(B) Emile Durkheim — this matches (IV) Sociologist. Durkheim, with Marx and Weber, was one of the thinkers whose great works of sociology were written when industrialisation was new.
(C) Karl Marx — this matches (I) Alienation. Marx called the situation of the industrial worker alienation: people do not enjoy work and see it only as a way to survive.
(D) Division of Labour — this matches (II) Division of process into several parts. Industrialisation involves a detailed division of labour: the making of a product is split into many small parts, and each worker makes only one of them.
NCERT (2025-26): “5.1 Images of Industrial Society … Many of the great works of sociology were written at a time when industrialisation was new and machinery was assuming great importance. Thinkers like Karl Marx, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim associated a number of social features with industry, such as urbanisation, the loss of face-to-face relationships that were found in rural areas where people worked on their own farms or for a landlord they knew, and their substitution by anonymous professional relationships in modern factories and workplaces. Industrialisation involves a detailed division of labour. People often do not see the end result of their work because they are producing only one small part of a product. The work is often repetitive and exhausting. Yet, even this is better than having no work at all, i.e., being unemployed. Marx called this situation alienation, when people do not enjoy work, and see it as something they have to do only in order to survive, and even that survival depends on whether the technology has room for any human labour.” |