Match List-I (period) with List-II (Pakistan's policy):List-IList-II(…

Match List-I (period) with List-II (Pakistan's policy):

List-I	List-II
(A) Late 1950s and 1960s	(I) Nationalisation of capital goods industries
(B) 1970s	(II) Denationalisation and encouragement of the private sector
(C) Late 1970s and 1980s	(III) Regulated policy framework for import substitution-based industrialisation
(D) 1988	(IV) Reforms initiated

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Answer & explanation

Correct answer: option 4

The correct answer is Option (4) → (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV)

Pakistan’s policy moved from controls to state ownership, then back to the private sector and reforms.

List-I	List-II	Reason
(A) Late 1950s and 1960s	(III) Regulated policy framework for import substitution-based industrialisation	Pakistan began with import substitution behind tariff protection.
(B) 1970s	(I) Nationalisation of capital goods industries	Capital goods industries were nationalised.
(C) Late 1970s and 1980s	(II) Denationalisation and encouragement of the private sector	Policy turned to denationalisation.
(D) 1988	(IV) Reforms initiated	Pakistan’s reforms began in 1988.

NCERT (2026-27): “8.2 Developmental Path—a Snapshot View … In the late 1950s and 1960s, Pakistan introduced a variety of regulated policy framework (for import substitution-based industrialisation). The policy combined tariff protection for manufacturing of consumer goods together with direct import controls on competing imports. The introduction of Green Revolution led to mechanisation and increase in public investment in infrastructure in select areas, which finally led to a rise in the production of foodgrains. This changed the agrarian structure dramatically. In the 1970s, nationalisation of capital goods industries took place. Pakistan then shifted its policy orientation in the late 1970s and 1980s when the major thrust areas were denationalisation and encouragement of private sector. During this period, Pakistan also received financial support from western nations and remittances from continuously increasing outflow of emigrants to the Middle-east. This helped the country in stimulating economic growth. The then government also offered incentives to the private sector. All this created a conducive climate for new investments. In 1988, reforms were initiated in the country. …”