What are the two core techniques that enabled the birth of modern biotechnology?

Genetic engineering and bioprocess engineering

b) Genetic engineering and bioprocess engineering

Explanation: Genetic engineering and bioprocess engineering are the two core techniques that enabled the birth of modern biotechnology.

1. Genetic engineering: It involves altering the chemistry of genetic material (DNA and RNA) to introduce specific genes into host organisms, thereby changing the phenotype of the host organism. This technique allows scientists to isolate and introduce desirable genes without introducing undesirable ones, facilitating the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
2. Bioprocess engineering: This technique is essential for large-scale production of biotechnological products, such as antibiotics, vaccines, enzymes, etc. It involves maintaining a sterile (microbial contamination-free) environment in chemical engineering processes to allow the growth of only the desired microbe or eukaryotic cell in large quantities for manufacturing biotechnological products.