Arrange the following changes in an order of oldest to the newest events of globalisation in India
A. New Telecom Policy in 1999 that was pro-consumer
B. Economic reforms through structural readjustment programme
C. Silk route connecting India, China, Egypt and Rome
D. Geographical Indications of Haldi and basmati rice
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 3
The correct answer is Option (3) → C, B, A, D
(C) Silk route connecting India, China, Egypt and Rome — the oldest: the famous Silk route connected India, centuries ago, to the great civilisations of China, Persia, Egypt and Rome.
(B) Economic reforms through structural readjustment programme — since July 1991 the Indian economy has seen a series of reforms; loans from the International Monetary Fund came with commitments to a policy of structural adjustments.
(A) New Telecom Policy in 1999 that was pro-consumer — 1999: with the New Telecom Policy the industry heralded several pro-consumer initiatives, and mobile subscriber additions started picking up.
(D) Geographical Indications of Haldi and basmati rice — the newest. Attempts by multinational companies to patent the use of Haldi (turmeric) and Basmati rice highlighted the need to protect India’s indigenous knowledge. A Geographical Indication marks a product as belonging to a particular region, and India’s law on Geographical Indications came into force only in 2003, after the telecom policy of 1999.
Note: Box 6.6 on the growth of mobile telephony, which names the New Telecom Policy of 1999, in the chapter ‘Globalisation and Social Change’, was there in the pre-rationalised NCERT, which NTA followed in 2023. This box has been deleted from the NCERT book (2025-26), though the chapter is still there.
NCERT (2025-26): “The Early Years … India was not isolated from the world even two thousand years ago. We have read in our history textbooks about the famous Silk route, which centuries ago connected India to the great civilisations, which existed in China, Persia, Egypt and Rome.…” “…Liberalisation of the economy meant the steady removal of the rules that regulated Indian trade and finance regulations. These measures are also described as economic reforms. What are these reforms? Since July 1991, the Indian economy has witnessed a series of reforms in all major sectors of the economy (agriculture, industry, trade, foreign investment and technology, public sector, financial institutions, etc). The basic assumption was that greater integration into the global market would be beneficial to Indian economy. The process of liberalisation also involved the taking of loans from international institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF). These loans are given on certain conditions. The government makes commitments to pursue certain kind of economic measures that involve a policy of structural adjustments. These adjustments usually mean cuts in state expenditure on the social sector such as health, education and social security.…” “…Similarly, various forms of traditional knowledge systems especially in the fields of medicine and agriculture have been preserved and passed on from one generation to the other. Recent attempts by some multinational companies to patent the use of Tulsi, Haldi (turmeric), Rudraksha and Basmati rice have highlighted the need for protecting the base of its indigenous knowledge systems.”
Box 6.6 (Pre-rationalised NCERT) |
