Read the following passage carefully and answer the given questions.
Restriction endonuclease on finding its specific recognition sequence, bind to the DNA and cut each of the two strands of the double helix at specific points in their sugar-phosphate backbones. Each restriction endonuclease recognises a specific palindromic nucleotide sequences in the DNA. Since the DNA is enclosed within the membranes, we have to break the cell open to release DNA along with other macromolecules such as RNA, proteins, polysaccharides and also lipids. This can be achieved by treating the bacterial cells/plant or animal tissue with enzymes such as lysozyme (bacteria), cellulase (plant cells), chitinase (fungus). Now a days the most commonly used matrix is agarose which is a natural polymer extracted from sea weeds. The DNA fragments separate (resolve) according to their size through sieving effect provided by the agarose gel. The first restriction endonuclease–Hind II, whose functioning depended on a specific DNA nucleotide sequence was isolated and characterised five years later. It was found that Hind II always cut DNA molecules at a particular point by recognising a specific sequence of six base pairs. In addition to ‘ori’, the vector requires a selectable marker, which helps in identifying and eliminating non-transformants and selectively permitting the growth of the transformants. Transformation is a procedure through which a piece of DNA is introduced in a host bacterium. Normally, the genes encoding resistance to antibiotics such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline or kanamycin, etc., are considered useful selectable markers for E. coli.
Transformation is a procedure through which:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 3
The correct answer is Option (3) → A piece of DNA is introduced in a host bacterium
The passage says that transformation is a procedure through which a piece of DNA is introduced in a host bacterium. Selectable markers, such as antibiotic resistance genes, then help to pick out the transformed cells.
Option (1) A piece of DNA is introduced in a host virus — Incorrect. In transformation the host is a bacterium, not a virus. Viruses are not hosts but can be vectors, like bacteriophages.
Option (2) A piece of RNA is introduced in a host bacterium — Incorrect. What is introduced is DNA, usually a plasmid carrying a gene such as antibiotic resistance, not RNA.
Option (3) A piece of DNA is introduced in a host bacterium — Correct. Transformation is a procedure through which a piece of DNA is introduced into a host bacterium. With an antibiotic resistance gene on the DNA, only the transformed cells survive on a medium with that antibiotic.
Option (4) A piece of protein is introduced in a host bacterium — Incorrect. Proteins do not carry genes. Transformation introduces a piece of DNA into the bacterium, and the bacterium then makes the protein from it.
Note: The passage is taken from NCERT. NTA has put lines of the NCERT text together to make it. Most CUET (UG) questions come straight from NCERT, so study the book line by line, including figures and their titles.