Which of the following developments would be least effective in reducing famine-related mortality?

Reduction in relief and preventive measures by the state

The correct answer is Option 3: Reduction in relief and preventive measures by the state.

Relief and preventive measures help protect vulnerable populations during food crises. Reducing such measures would make populations more vulnerable rather than less vulnerable.

Option 1: Expansion of irrigation facilities. Incorrect. Irrigation improves agricultural productivity and reduces dependence on rainfall.

Option 2: Improvement in transportation and communication networks. Incorrect. Better infrastructure allows food and relief supplies to reach affected regions more efficiently.

Option 3: Reduction in relief and preventive measures by the state. Correct. This would weaken the ability to respond to food crises and could increase famine-related suffering.

Option 4: Programmes aimed at improving rural livelihoods. Incorrect. Such programmes can strengthen people's ability to secure food and reduce vulnerability.