Biodiversity is influenced by which of the following factors?

Latitudinal gradients and species-area relationship

(a) Latitudinal gradients and species-area relationship

Biodiversity is affected by both latitudinal gradients and species-area relationships (option c). These two factors play significant roles in influencing the diversity of species in different ecosystems.

(a) Latitudinal gradients: This refers to the pattern of biodiversity changing with latitude. Generally, species richness tends to be higher in tropical regions near the equator and decreases as one moves towards the poles. The tropics have a higher diversity of species compared to temperate and polar regions.

(b) Species-area relationship: This concept states that the larger the area of a habitat or ecosystem, the greater the number of species it can support. Larger areas provide more ecological niches and resources, allowing for a higher variety of species to coexist.

Both latitudinal gradients and species-area relationships contribute to the variation in biodiversity observed across different geographical regions and play essential roles in shaping the distribution and abundance of species on Earth.