Who described Mughal cities of the 17th-century as 'Camp Towns"?

Francois Bernier

The correct answer is Option (1) → Francois Bernier

Observations of Urban Structure: Bernier made detailed observations of the Mughal cities he visited, particularly during his travels in India. He noted the distinctive layout and structure of these cities.

Temporary and Mobile Nature: The term 'Camp Towns' reflects his impression that many Mughal cities had a somewhat transient and mobile character. This perception might have been influenced by the Mughal practice of moving the royal court and administration from one city to another. Cities were often established or expanded as the Mughal emperor and his entourage moved to different regions of the empire.

Comparative Perspective: Bernier, as a European traveler, may have used this term to compare Mughal cities with the more permanent and stable urban centers he was familiar with in Europe. The idea of cities that could be seen as temporary camps might have been his way of highlighting the differences he observed in the urban development and organization of Mughal cities.

So, the correct option is [1].