Match List I with List II
| List I (Model) | List II (Cause of Abnormal Behaviour) | ||
| A. | Psychodynamic | I. | Irrational and illogical thinking |
| B. | Humanistic-Existential | II. | Maladaptive learning |
| C. | Behavioural | III. | Meaninglessness and inauthenticity |
| D. | Cognitive | IV. | Intrapsychic forces |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 2
The correct answer is Option (2) → A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
(A) Psychodynamic — this matches (IV) Intrapsychic forces. Behaviour is shaped by psychological forces within the person of which she/he is not aware, and abnormal symptoms are the result of conflicts between these forces (id, ego and superego).
(B) Humanistic-Existential — this matches (III) Meaninglessness and inauthenticity. Existentialists believe we are free to give meaning to our existence; those who shirk this responsibility live empty, inauthentic and dysfunctional lives.
(C) Behavioural — this matches (II) Maladaptive learning. Both normal and abnormal behaviours are learned, and disorders are the result of learning maladaptive ways of behaving through conditioning or imitation.
(D) Cognitive — this matches (I) Irrational and illogical thinking. People may hold irrational and inaccurate assumptions about themselves and think in illogical ways, drawing broad negative conclusions from a single insignificant event.
NCERT (2025-26): “Factors Underlying Abnormal Behaviour … The psychodynamic model is the oldest and most famous of the modern psychological models. You have already read about this model in Chapter 2 on Self and Personality. Psychodynamic theorists believe that behaviour, whether normal or abnormal, is determined by psychological forces within the person of which s/he is not consciously aware. These internal forces are considered dynamic, i.e. they interact with one another and their interaction gives shape to behaviour, thoughts and emotions. Abnormal symptoms are viewed as the result of conflicts between these forces. This model was first formulated by Freud who believed that three central forces shape personality — instinctual needs, drives and impulses (id), rational thinking (ego), and moral standards (superego). Freud stated that abnormal behaviour is a symbolic expression of unconscious mental conflicts that can be generally traced to early childhood or infancy.…” “Factors Underlying Abnormal Behaviour … Another model that emphasises the role of psychological factors is the behavioural model. This model states that both normal and abnormal behaviours are learned and psychological disorders are the result of learning maladaptive ways of behaving.…” “Factors Underlying Abnormal Behaviour … Psychological factors are also emphasised by the cognitive model. This model states that abnormal functioning can result from cognitive problems. People may hold assumptions and attitudes about themselves that are irrational and inaccurate. People may also repeatedly think in illogical ways and make overgeneralisations, that is, they may draw broad, negative conclusions on the basis of a single insignificant event.…” “Factors Underlying Abnormal Behaviour … Existentialists believe that from birth we have total freedom to give meaning to our existence or to avoid that responsibility. Those who shirk from this responsibility would live empty, inauthentic, and dysfunctional lives.…” |