Read the passage carefully and answer the questions based on the passage:

Over time, a middle class adivasi intellectual leadership emerged that formulated the demand for a separate state and lobbied for it in India and abroad. Adivasi experiences of marginalisation and their sense of injustice were mobilised to create a shared Jharkhandi identity and inspire collective action that eventually led to the formation of a separate state. The issues against which the leaders of the movement in Jharkhand agitated were:

• acquisition of land for large irrigation projects and firing ranges;
• survey and settlement operations, which were held up, camps closed down, etc.
• collection of loans, rent and cooperative dues, which were resisted;
• nationalisation of forest produce which they boycotted

What kind of a social movement is the Jharkhand movement?

ethnic movement

The correct answer is Option (1) → ethnic movement

The passage describes the Jharkhand movement as one led by an "adivasi intellectual leadership" that aimed to "formulate the demand for a separate state." It mentions that "Adivasi experiences of marginalisation and their sense of injustice were mobilised to create a shared Jharkhandi identity and inspire collective action." The issues they agitated against (land acquisition, forest produce nationalisation, etc.) are all deeply tied to the specific grievances and way of life of the Adivasi (tribal) communities.

Given that the movement was led by "adivasi intellectual leadership" and aimed to create a "shared Jharkhandi identity" based on their specific experiences and demands for a separate state for their community, it aligns with an ethnic movement.