Read the passage carefully and answer the given questions.

DNA fingerprinting

Polymorphism in DNA sequence is the basis of genetic mapping of the human genome as well as of DNA fingerprinting. DNA fingerprinting involves identification of differences in some specific regions in the DNA sequence called repetitive DNA. It works on the principle of polymorphisms in DNA sequences. The repetitive DNA are separated from bulk genomic DNA. The bulk DNA forms a major peak and the other small peaks are referred to as satellite DNA. These repetitive/satellite DNA sequences show a high degree of polymorphisms and form the basis of DNA fingerprinting.

DNA polymorphism forms the basis of

Genetic mapping and DNA fingerprinting.

The correct answer is Option (4) → Genetic mapping and DNA fingerprinting. 

Polymorphism in DNA sequence is the basis of genetic mapping of human genome as well as of DNA fingerprinting, it is essential that we understand what DNA polymorphism means in simple terms. Polymorphism (variation at genetic level) arises due to mutations. In simple terms, if an inheritable mutation is observed in a population at high frequency, it is referred to as DNA polymorphism. The probability of such variation to be observed in non- coding DNA sequence would be higher as mutations in these sequences may not have any immediate effect/impact in an individual’s reproductive ability. These mutations keep on accumulating generation after generation, and form one of the basis of variability/polymorphism.