In Madhopur village, 77 out of 298 households work and live in the ci…

The correct answer is Option (3) → Migration

Note 1: The given answer is as per the official NTA Answer Key. However, the question can have more than one correct answer, i.e. both Option (2) and Option (3), as explained below.

Option (1) Industrialisation — Incorrect. Industrialisation is the growth of factory production with machines and a detailed division of labour. The example says nothing about industry in Madhopur; it counts the households whose members have gone to work in distant cities.

Option (2) Urbanisation — Can also be considered correct. Sociologist M.S.A. Rao argued that many villages all over India are coming under the impact of urban influences. Madhopur is his example of the first kind of urban impact: villages in which a sizeable number of people have sought employment in far-off cities. Read this way, the example shows urbanisation reaching into the village.

Option (3) Migration — Correct as per NTA. Migration is the movement of people from one place to another, here in search of work. In Madhopur, 77 of the 298 households have migrants who have sought employment in far-off cities, a little less than half of them in Bombay and Calcutta. They send money home regularly and visit the village from time to time, and their families stay on in the village.

Option (4) Ghettoization — Incorrect. Ghettoisation is the process by which members of one community come to live crowded together in a separate area of a city, often because they are kept out of other areas. The example is about villagers going to work in cities, not about where they settle within them.

Tip for students: When an example fits two answers, look at what the example itself records. The Madhopur households have members working in far-off cities, a direct case of migration, which is the answer given by NTA here.

Note 2: The concept in Option (4), ‘ghettoisation’, is not in NCERT (2025-26); explained here for the benefit of the students.