Which of the following factor (s) had resulted in an adverse impact on the volume of India's foreign trade during colonial period?

All of the above.

The correct answer is option 4: All of the above.

All of these factors had an adverse impact on the volume of India's foreign trade during the colonial period:

• Restrictive policies of the British government: These policies were designed to benefit Britain at the expense of Indian economic interests.
• Aggressive tariff imposition: High tariffs on Indian goods made them less competitive in international markets.
• Monopoly control of Britishers over India's exports and imports: The British controlled trade policies, which limited India's ability to trade freely and developed a trade imbalance in favor of Britain.