What is the distinction between social change and social movements?

The correct answer is Option (1) → Social change is continuous, social movements are directed towards specific goals.

Option (1) Social change is continuous, social movements are directed towards specific goals. — Correct. Social change is continuous and ongoing: it is the sum of countless actions over time, with no one steering it. A social movement is directed towards specific goals and needs long, continuous effort by people. Sanskritisation and westernisation are social changes; the 19th century reformers’ efforts were social movements.

Option (2) There is no such distinction, both aim for transformation in society. — Incorrect. The two must be told apart: social change has no aim of its own, while a movement is organised round a goal.

Option (3) Social change can be negative, social movement is always positive. — Incorrect. The difference lies in purpose and continuity, not in good or bad results; movements too can resist change, as counter movements do.

Option (4) Social change is rapid, social movement happen over a period of time. — Incorrect. Social change is a broad historical process gathered across time, so it is not ‘rapid’; the option reverses the real contrast.