Match the LIST-I with LIST-II
| LIST-I (Stage of Demographic Transition Theory) | LIST-II (Country) | ||
| A. | High Fluctuating | I. | Canada |
| B. | Early Expanding | II. | Afghanistan |
| C. | Late Expanding | III. | India |
| D. | Low Fluctuating | IV. | Rainforest Tribe |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 2
The correct answer is Option (2) → A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I
(A) High Fluctuating — this matches (IV) Rainforest Tribe. In the first stage both fertility and mortality are high, so the population grows slowly; the diagram gives rainforest tribes as a present-day example.
(B) Early Expanding — this matches (II) Afghanistan. At the start of the second stage fertility is still high while mortality falls, so the population expands fast. Afghanistan is not placed on the diagram (see the Note).
(C) Late Expanding — this matches (III) India. Later in the second stage fertility also begins to decline. India’s population growth since 1981 has been slowing down gradually because the birth rate is falling, which is this late part of the expanding stage.
(D) Low Fluctuating — this matches (I) Canada. In the last stage both fertility and mortality are low, and the population is stable or grows slowly; the diagram gives Canada with Japan and the USA.
Note: The diagram of demographic transition in the current NCERT book (2025-26) gives rainforest tribes for the first stage and Canada for the last stage, but it names neither Afghanistan nor India, and Afghanistan is not mentioned in the book. India’s stage follows from the book’s account of its falling birth rate since 1981. The two items on the diagram, (A) and (D), already decide the answer: Option (2) is the only option with both A-IV and D-I.
NCERT (2025-26): “Demographic Transition … Fig. 2.2 explains the three-staged model of Demographic Transition Theory: The first stage has high fertility and high mortality because people reproduce more to compensate for the deaths due to epidemics and variable food supply. The population growth is slow and most of the people are engaged in agriculture where large families are an asset. Life expectancy is low, people are mostly illiterate and have low levels of technology. Two hundred years ago all the countries of the world were in this stage.” “Demographic Transition … Fertility remains high in the beginning of second stage but it declines with time. This is accompanied by reduced mortality rate. Improvements in sanitation and health conditions lead to decline in mortality. Because of this gap the net addition to population is high.…” “Demographic Transition … In the last stage, both fertility and mortality decline considerably. The population is either stable or grows slowly. The population becomes urbanised, literate and has high technical know- how and deliberately controls the family size.…” “Growth of Population … Phase IV : In the post 1981 till present, the growth rate of country’s population though remained high, has started slowing down gradually (Table 1.1). A downward trend of crude birth rate is held responsible for such a population growth. This was, in turn, affected by an increase in the mean age at marriage, improved quality of life particularly education of females in the country.”
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