Which of the following movements was launched by Mahatma Gandhi to unite Hindus and Muslims in a non-violent struggle against British rule in 1920?
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 4
The correct answer is Option (4) → Non-Cooperation Movement
Gandhi launched the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920, approved by the Congress at Calcutta (September) and Nagpur (December). He joined it with the Khilafat cause so that Hindus and Muslims would struggle together, without violence, against British rule: Indians gave up titles, and boycotted government schools, law courts, councils and foreign cloth. Gandhi called it off in February 1922 after the violence at Chauri Chaura.
Why the other options are incorrect
Option (1) Khilafat Movement — Incorrect. It was begun in 1919 by the Ali brothers, Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, in support of the Ottoman Khalifa; Gandhi backed it but did not launch it.
Option (2) Civil Disobedience Movement — Incorrect. Gandhi launched it in 1930 with the Dandi March, by breaking the salt law.
Option (3) The Gadar Movement — Incorrect. It was started in 1913 by Indians in the USA and Canada (the Ghadar Party) to overthrow British rule by armed revolt.