Arrange the following from first to last stage of the demographic transition in correct order.
(A) India
(B) Rainforest tribes
(C) Japan
(D) Nigeria
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 4
The correct answer is Option (4) → (B), (D), (A), (C)
(B) Rainforest tribes — the first stage. Here both fertility and mortality are high, so the population grows slowly. The diagram of the theory gives rainforest tribes, along with Bangladesh, as present-day examples of this stage.
(D) Nigeria — the early part of the second stage. Mortality has fallen but fertility is still high, so the net addition to population is high.
(A) India — the later part of the second stage. Fertility, high at the beginning of this stage, declines with time.
(C) Japan — the last stage. Both fertility and mortality are low, and the population is stable or even shrinking. The diagram gives Japan, Canada and the USA as examples of this stage.
Note: The diagram of demographic transition in the current NCERT book (2025-26) names rainforest tribes in the first stage and Japan in the last stage, but India and Nigeria are not named there. Both countries are in the second stage; Nigeria is placed before India because its birth rate is still much higher (on average a woman there has four to five children), while India’s has already fallen a long way.
NCERT (2025-26): “Demographic Transition … Fig. 2.2 explains the three-staged model of Demographic Transition Theory: The first stage has high fertility and high mortality because people reproduce more to compensate for the deaths due to epidemics and variable food supply. The population growth is slow and most of the people are engaged in agriculture where large families are an asset. Life expectancy is low, people are mostly illiterate and have low levels of technology. Two hundred years ago all the countries of the world were in this stage. Fertility remains high in the beginning of second stage but it declines with time. This is accompanied by reduced mortality rate. Improvements in sanitation and health conditions lead to decline in mortality. Because of this gap the net addition to population is high.… …In the last stage, both fertility and mortality decline considerably. The population is either stable or grows slowly. The population becomes urbanised, literate and has high technical know- how and deliberately controls the family size.…”
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