Chipko Movement
Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions from
The unusually heavy monsoon of 1970 precipitated the most devastating flood in living memory. In the Alaknanda valley, water inundated 100 square kilometers of land, washed away 6 metal bridges and 10 kilometers of motor roads, 24 buses, and several other vehicles; 366 houses collapsed, and 500 acres of standing paddy crops were destroyed. The loss of human and bovine life was considerable. The 1970 floods mark a turning point in the ecological history of the region. Villagers, who bore the brunt of the damage, were beginning to perceive the hitherto tenuous links between deforestation, landslides, and floods. It was observed that some of the villages most affected by landslides, lay directly below forests where felling operations had taken place. The villagers’ cause was taken up by the Dashauli Gram Swaraja Sangh DGSS, a cooperative organization based in Chamoli district. Despite these early protests, the government went ahead with the yearly auction of forests in November. One of the plots scheduled to be assigned was the Reni forest. The contractors’ men who were traveling to Reni from Joshimath stopped the bus shortly before Reni. Skirting the village, they made for the forest. A small girl who spied the workers with their implements rushed to Gaura Devi, the head of the village Mahila Mandal Women’s Club. Gaura Devi quickly mobilised the other housewives and went to the forest. Pleading with the laborers not to start felling operations, the women initially met with abuse and threats. When the women refused to budge, the men were eventually forced to retire. In our current information age, social movements around the globe are able to join together in huge regional and international networks comprising non-governmental organisations, religious and humanitarian groups, human rights association, consumer protection advocates, environmental activists, and others who campaign in the public interest. The enormous protests against the World Trade Organization that took place in Seattle, for example, were organized in part through internet-based network.
The Chipko movement also raised the issue of __________
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 1
The correct answer is Option (1) → Ecological sustainability
Option (1) Ecological sustainability — Correct. The Chipko movement set the livelihood needs of poor villagers against the government’s wish to earn revenue from selling timber. Along with this issue of inequality, it also raised the issue of ecological sustainability: cutting down natural forests was environmental destruction that had brought devastating floods and landslides to the region, as the 1970 floods in the passage show.
Option (2) Green Revolution — Incorrect. The Green Revolution was a programme to raise farm output with new seeds, fertilisers and irrigation. Chipko was about forests, not farm technology.
Option (3) Climate change — Incorrect. Climate change is the long-term change in the earth’s climate. The Chipko villagers were concerned with their own forests, floods and landslides.
Option (4) Right to vote — Incorrect. The right to vote was not an issue in the movement; it was about forests and livelihoods.
Note: The passage of Q46-Q50 is NCERT’s own: Box 8.3 ‘Chipko Movement’ and Box 8.4 of the chapter ‘Social Movements’, reproduced by NTA. Read the boxes of every chapter, not only the main text: this one box carried five questions.
NCERT (2025-26): “8.4 Ecological Movements … This conflict placed the livelihood needs of poor villagers against the government’s desire to generate revenues from selling timber. The economy of subsistence was pitted against the economy of profit. Along with this issue of social inequality (villagers versus a government that represented commercial, capitalist interests), the Chipko Movement also raised the issue of ecological sustainability. Cutting down natural forests was a form of environmental destruction that had resulted in devastating floods and landslides in the region.…” |