How do Pteridophytes reproduce?

With the help of spores

The correct answer is Option (2) - With the help of spores

Pteridophytes reproduce: With the help of spores

Pteridophytes, which include ferns and fern allies, reproduce via spores. Spores are single-celled reproductive structures produced by sporangia located on the underside of fern fronds. When mature, sporangia release spores into the environment. These spores can disperse and germinate under suitable conditions to develop into new gametophytes, which eventually produce gametes (sperm and eggs). Fertilization occurs when sperm fertilizes egg cells, leading to the formation of a new sporophyte plant. This alternation of generations, between the gametophyte and sporophyte stages, is characteristic of the life cycle of pteridophytes. Unlike seed plants, pteridophytes do not produce seeds or pollen for reproduction.