Assertion: Due to introduction of railways by Britishers, the volume of India’s exports undoubtedly expanded during colonial era.

Reasoning: There were no social and economic benefits to the Indians as a result of introduction of railways by Britishers.

Assertion (A) is true but Reasoning (R) is not correct.

The correct answer is option 3: Assertion (A) is true but Reasoning (R) is not correct.

Assertion: Due to introduction of railways by Britishers, the volume of India’s exports undoubtedly expanded during colonial era. This is correct. Railways made it easier and more efficient to transport goods, which contributed to an increase in the volume of exports.

Reasoning: There were no social and economic benefits to the Indians as a result of introduction of railways by Britishers. This is incorrect. There were some social and economic benefits of railways for Indians.

The introduction of railways in India in 1850 was considered a significant contribution by the British. While it enabled long-distance travel and the breaking of geographical and cultural barriers, it also led to the commercialization of Indian agriculture, negatively affecting the self-sufficiency of village economies. Although India's export volume expanded, the benefits rarely reached the Indian people, leading to significant economic losses for the country. The social benefits, which the Indian people gained owing to the introduction of the railways, were thus outweighed by the country’s huge economic loss.