Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

Answer & explanation

Correct answer: option 1

The correct answer is Option (1) → Johann Weyer - 'witches' were mentally disturbed and needed medical treatment

Option (1) Johann Weyer - 'witches' were mentally disturbed and needed medical treatment — Correct. In the Renaissance, Johann Weyer insisted that 'witches' were mentally disturbed and needed medical, not theological, treatment. This pair is correctly matched.

Option (2) Galen - groundwork for modern psychodynamic theories of abnormal behaviour — Incorrect. Galen elaborated on the four humours (blood, black bile, yellow bile and phlegm), each linked to a different temperament. The psychodynamic groundwork came from St. Augustine.

Option (3) St. Augustine - role of the four humours in personal character and temperament — Incorrect. St. Augustine wrote about feelings, mental anguish and conflict, which laid the groundwork for modern psychodynamic theories. The four humours belong to Galen, so the pair is wrong.

Option (4) Plato - disturbed interpersonal relationships as the cause of psychological disorders — Incorrect. Plato developed the organismic approach and saw disturbed behaviour as arising from conflicts between emotion and reason. Stressing disturbed interpersonal relationships as a cause was Johann Weyer's view.

NCERT (2026-27): “Historical Background …
In the Middle Ages, demonology and superstition gained renewed importance in the explanation of abnormal behaviour. Demonology related to a belief that people with mental problems were evil and there are numerous instances of ‘witch-hunts’ during this period. During the early Middle Ages, the Christian spirit of charity prevailed and St. Augustine wrote extensively about feelings, mental anguish and conflict. This laid the groundwork for modern psychodynamic theories of abnormal behaviour.”

“The Renaissance Period was marked by increased humanism and curiosity about behaviour. Johann Weyer emphasised psychological conflict and disturbed interpersonal relationships as causes of psychological disorders. He also insisted that ‘witches’ were mentally disturbed and required medical, not theological, treatment.”