The writings of which traveller were used by Montesquieu, the French Philosopher, to develop the idea of 'Oriental Despotism'.

Francois Bernier

The correct answer is Option (1) → Francois Bernier

Francois Bernier’s descriptions influenced Western theorists from the eighteenth century onwards. The French philosopher Montesquieu, for instance, used this account to develop the idea of oriental despotism, according to which rulers in Asia (the Orient or the East) enjoyed absolute authority over their subjects, who were kept in conditions of subjugation and poverty, arguing that all land belonged to the king and that private property was non-existent. According to this view, everybody, except the emperor and his nobles, barely managed to survive.