Which among the following is the lowermost plants of the plant kingdom?

Thallophyta

The correct answer is Option (1)- Thallophyta

Among the options given, Thallophyta represents the lowermost plants of the plant kingdom.

Explanation:

1. Thallophyta: This group includes lower plants like algae and fungi. They lack true roots, stems, or leaves and exhibit a simple, undifferentiated thallus. Examples include green algae and mosses.
2. Pteridophyta: These are vascular plants that include ferns. They have well-developed vascular tissues for the transport of water and nutrients. However, they don't produce seeds.
3. Phanerogamae: This term is an older name for seed-bearing plants (Spermatophyta), which include gymnosperms and angiosperms.
4. Bryophyta: These are non-vascular plants like mosses. They lack true roots, stems, or leaves and reproduce via spores.

Considering the hierarchy of plant classification, Thallophyta is generally regarded as the lowermost group among the options provided.